Hi! I'm Mike. I make maps.

I am a biker, sailor, and skier... and also
a geographer, planner, web guy, and educator.

Follow Along

http://mjfoster83.github.io/projections

Map Projections Matter

Don't they?

“Projections in web browsers are terrible and you should be ashamed of yourself”

- Calvin Metcalf

For those of you dropping points
on web maps...

You can ignore about 90% of this, but please pay attention...
that last 10% matters!

In what way, you say?

To where were The Proclaimers walking?

Hazel McKendrick

Where The Proclaimers were actually walking.

Kenneth Field

Where is Boston?

North Korea's Missile Threat
I don't think this is right...

The Economist

North Korea's Missile Threat
There we go. Ahh!

The Economist

Oy. Okay.

Let's talk map projections.

Introducing: Geodesy

Geodesy

The science of accurately measuring and understanding the Earth's geometric shape, orientation in space, and gravitational field.

The earth looks like...

Geoid

Geoid

Geodesists define the Earth's surface as a surface that closely approximates global mean sea level, but across which gravity is everywhere equal. This is the geoid. Geoids are lumpy because gravity varies from place to place in response to local differences in topography and variations in the density of the materials in the Earth's interior.

Geoid

Geoids are a little squat. Sea-level gravity is greater at the poles than the equator, a consequence of the Earth's oblate shape and centrifugal force.

Ellipsoid

Ellipsoids, or spheroids, are commonly used as surrogates for geoids so as to simplify the mathematics involved in relating a coordinate system grid with a model of the Earth's shape. Ellipsoids are good, but not perfect, approximations of geoids.

Ellipsoid

There are many ellipsoids. Local ellipsoids minimize differences between the geoid and ellipsoid on a local or regional scale.

Geoids and Ellipsoids

Clarke 1866

Is the ellipsoid is optimized for North America.

Centered at Meade's Ranch, Kansas.
Where the geoidal height is considered to be zero.

Using Clarke 1866

Latitude and longitude of every other point in North America is based on distance and direction from Meade's Ranch.

Common Ellipsoids

Clarke 1866 - North American Ellipsoid
GRS 1980 - Geodetic Reference System of 1980 (Global)
WGS 1984 - World Geodetic System of 1984 (Global)

GRS 1980 vs. WGS 1984

tl;dr
Very small differences in the semi-minor axis (north pole to south pole) result in minute difference in flattening.

Datums

Based off of ellipsoids, but allow for local variations in elevation.
Pssst... WGS 1984 is a 'global datum'...

Major North American Datums (NAD)

NAD 1927 and NAD 1983

A point having a given latitude and longitude in NAD 1927 might be displaced on the order of tens of meters from another point having identical latitude and longitude in
NAD 1983. It is important to specify.

Case: Bellingham, Washington

NAD 1927 and NAD 1983

NAD 1983 (HARN)

What the heck is HARN?

HARN stands for High Accuracy Reference Network. It is a statewide or regional upgrade in accuracy of NAD83.

Worldwide Acceptance

GRS 1980 and WGS 1984 are not the best fit for any given region, but as benefits of a global system outweigh the greater accuracy, the global datums are becoming increasingly adopted.

Unless otherwise noted, GPS data is collected in WGS84

Most of the Time, when given a latitude and longitude, it will use wgs 1984

Map Projections

Map Projections

Map Projections

The surface of the earth is curved, maps are flat.
A map projection is the mathematical transformation of the Earth to a flat surface.

No matter how you try, the resulting maps always have distortions.

Four Types of Distortion

1. Conformality - distortion of shape
2. Distance - distortion of distance
3. Area - distortion of size
4. Direction - distortion of direction

Possible to retain at least one of these properties, but not all

Greenland vs. Africa

Projection Types

• Conformal - local/small shapes are preserved
• Equal Area - areas are preserved
• Equidistant - distance from single location to other locations preserved
• Azimuthal - direction from single location to other locations preserved

Methods of Projection

Planar/Azimuthal

• Earth intersects the plane on a small circle. All points on the circle have no distortion.
• The further away from the plane, the more error incurred.

Cylindrical

• Conceptualized as the result of wrapping a cylinder of paper around the Earth.
• Mercator is best known.
• Conformal when scale is the same in both directions. Significant distortion away from meridian.

Conic

• Conceptualized as the result of wrapping a cone of paper around the Earth.
• Standard parallels where cone meets Earth. Map most accurate at these locations.
• Lambert Conformal Conic projection commonly used for North America.

Coordinate System

Coordinate systems are used to accurately identify locations on the surface of the Earth.

• Geographic Coordinate System
• Projected Coordinate System

Geographic Coordinate System

• Location measured from the curved surface of the earth.
• Units are latitude and longitude.
• "Unprojected" - in 3D
• i.e. WGS 1984, NAD 83
• CAN'T BE USED FOR CALCULATIONS

Projected Coordinate System

• Location measured from flattened surface.
• Units are meters, feet, and inches.
• "Projected" - in 2D
• i.e. UTM, State Plane
• USED FOR CALCULATIONS (with care)

UTM: Universal Transverse Mercator

International Global Standard

• Cylindrical. Transverse. Cyclinder wrapped around the poles.
• 60 zones. 6 degrees each. Max Distortion: 0.04%

UTM Zones

Boston is in Zone 19 North!

UTM Coordinates

Northing and Easting. Measured in meters.

Boston Logan Int'l Airport

UTM Zone 19 North, 333,475.33mE, 4,692,503.57mN

State Plane

Defined by each state. Can be more accurate than UTM.

Some states have several. Massachusetts has two.

Map Projections? I thought we were talking Rat Projections!

Thank you, Doug Greenfield

Projections and Web Mapping

Web Mercator

The de facto standard for web mapping applications.

Web Mercator

• Used by almost all major online map providers.
• Google, Bing, Mapquest, Mapbox, OpenStreetMap, etc.
• Slight, simplified variant of the Mercator.
• Simplified to save computing power.

“Projections in web browsers are terrible and you should be ashamed of yourself”

- Calvin Metcalf

Web Mercator

• Based on WGS 1984 Spheroid.
• Huge distortion at poles. (Actually can't show poles!)
• Declared unacceptable for official use by US DOD and NGA. (What?!)

Projecting Data

Projecting Data

Get your data in the right projection using GIS software!
Common source of improper overlay. Standardize early.
Become friends with the reprojection tools.

• ArcMap
• QGIS

Leaflet does not (easily) use projections. D3 lets you!

EPSG

EPSG: Geodetic Parameter Set

• Name from the European Petroleum Survey Group (now defunct)
• Numeric system that specifies projection.
• Used in many online applications, QGIS, PostGIS, etc.

EPSG: Geodetic Parameter Set

Spatial Reference Lookup

Tools and Toys

Projection Face!

Maptime Boston's own Andy Woodruff

Click to visit

Projection Wizard

Bojan Savric - Oregon State University

Click to visit

D3 Map Projections

Jason Davies

Click to visit

Project it Yourself!

Tom Macwright

Click to visit
Enter the following to get a Mercator.

function project(x, y) {
    return [x, ( 180/Math.PI) * ( 2 * Math.atan(Math.exp(y * Math.PI/180)) - Math.PI/2 )];
}

Kartograph.org

Gregor Aisch - Kartograph.js

Click to visit

Fire up QGIS

QGIS Projection Documentation

That is all... Thank you!

mjfoster@mit.edu | @mjfoster83